Oplied to gloominess of the place, and the use to which it is conceive an idea of the ignorance or politeness of ons the applied, with the solemnity of the building, and a nation from the turn of their public monuments throw the condition of the people who lie in it, are apt and inscriptions, they should be submitted to the

Creature

to fill the mind with a kind of melancholy, or ra- perusal of men of learning and genius before they vourng ther thoughtfulness, that is not disagreeable. I are put in execution. Sir Cloudesly Shovel's mo. geros, yesterday passed a whole afternoon in the church-nument has very often given me great offence. only end yard, the cloisters, and the church, amusing myself Instead of the brave rough Euglish admiral, which with the tomb-stones and inscriptions that I met was the distinguishing character of that plain galwith in those several regions of the dead. Most of lant man, he is represented on his tomb by the r course them recorded nothing else of the buried person, figure of a beau, dressed in a long periwig, and rebut that he was born upon one day, and died upon posing himself upon velvet cushions under a caanother: the whole history of his life being com- nopy of state. The inscription is answerable to the prehended in those two circumstances that are monument; for, instead of celebrating the many common to all mankind. I could not but look upon remarkable actions he had performed in the service these registers of existence, whether of brass or of his country, it acquaints us only with the manner marble,

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as a kind of satire upon the departed per- of his death, in which it was impossible for him to sons; who had left no other memorial of them, reap any honour. The Dutch, whom we are apt but that they were born, and that they died. They to despise for want of genius, show an infinitely put me in mind of several persons mentioned in greater taste of antiquity and politeness in their the battles of heroic poems, who have sounding buildings and works of this nature, than what we names given them, for no other reason but that meet with in those of our own country. The mothey may be killed, and are celebrated for nothing numents of their admirals, which have been erectbut being knocked on the head.

Γλαυκον τε, Μεζοντα τε, Θερσίλοχον τε.

Glaucumque, Medontaque, Thersilochumque."

Glaucus, and Medon, and Thersilochus."

VIRG.

The life of these men is finely described in holy writ by 'the path of an arrow, which is immedi. The bes ately closed up and lost.

pal.t

tpas

OVE

3

logi

ed at the public expense, represent them like themselves, and are adorned with rostral crowns and naval ornaments, with beautiful festoons of sea-weed, shells, and coral.

But to return to our subject. I have left the repository of our English kings for the contemplation of another day, when I shall find my mind disposed for so serious an amusement. I know that entertainments of this nature are apt to raise dark and dismal thoughts in timorous minds and

Upon my going into the church, I entertained gloomy imaginations; but for my own part, though myself with the digging of a grave: and saw in I am always serious, I do not know what it is to here every shovel full of it that was thrown up, the frag- be melancholy; and can therefore take a view of ment of a bone or skull intermixed with a kind of nature in her deep and solemn scenes, with the Fresh mouldering earth, that some time or other same pleasure as in her most gay and delightful lhad a place in the composition of an human body, ones. By this means I can improve myself with Upon this I began to consider with myself what those objects, which others consider with terror. numerable multitudes of people lay confused to. When I look upon the tombs of the great, every gether under the pavement of that ancient cathe. emotion of envy dies in me: when I read the epi. tral; how men and women, friends and enemies, taphs of the beautiful, every inordinate desire goes priests and soldiers, monks and prebendaries, out; when I meet with the grief of parents upon were crumbled amongst one another, and blended a tombstone, my heart melts with comp compassion: Together in the same common mass; how beauty, when I see the tomb of the parents themselves, I strength, and youth, with old age, weakness, and consider the vanity of grieving for those whom we deformity, lay ity, lay undistinguished in the same promis- must quickly follow. When I see kings lying by cuous heap of matter. those who deposed them, when I consider rival fher havi having thus surveyed this great magazine wits placed side by side, or the holy men that dif mortality, as it were in the lump, I examined vided the world with their contests and disputes, more particularly by the accounts which I found I reflect with sorrow and astonishment on the little co several of the monuments which are raised in competitions, factions, and debates of mankind. rery quarter of that ancient fabric. Some of them When I read the several dates of the tombs, of te were covered with such extravagant epitaphs, that some that died yesterday, and some six hundred f it were possible for the dead person to be ac years ago, I consider that great day when we shall quainted with them, he would blush at the praises all of us be contemporaries, and make our appear. bich his friends have bestowed upon him. There ance together.

sre others so excessively modest, that they deliver

the character of the person departed in Greek or Hebrew, and by that means are not understood once in a twelvemonth. In the poetical quarter, I found there were poets who had no monuments, and monuments which had no poets. I observed, ndeed, that the present war had filled the church with many of these uninhabited monuments, which had been erected to the memory of persons whose bodies were perhaps buried in the plains of Blenheim, or in the bosom of the ocean.

I could not but be very much delighted with several modern epitaphs, which are written with great elegance of expression and justness of thought, and therefore do honour to the living as

til as the dead. As a foreigner is very apt to

So slow th' unprofitable moments roll,
That lock up all the functions of my soul,
That keep me from myself, and still delay
Life's instant business to a future day:
'That task, which as we follow, or despise,
The eldest is a fool, the youngest wise:

Which done, the poorest can no wants endure,

And which not done, the richest must be poor.

POPE.

THERE is scarce a thinking man in the world, who is involved in the business of it, but lives under a secret impatience of the hurry and fatigue he suf fers, and has formed a resolution to fix himself, one time or other, in such a state as is suitable to

'SIR,

'I KNOW not with what words to express to you the sense I have of the high obligation you have laid upon me, in the penance you enjoined me, of doing some good or other to a person of worth every day I live. The station I am in furnishes me with daily opportunities of this kind: and the noble principle with which you have inspired me, of benevolence to all I have to deal with, quickens my application in every thing I undertake. When I relieve merit from discountenance, when I assist a friendless person, when I produce concealed the end of his being. You hear men every day in worth, I am displeased with myself for having deconversation profess, that all the honour, power, signed to leave the world in order to be virtuous. and riches, which they propose to themselves, can- I am sorry you decline the occasions which the connot give satisfaction enough to reward them for dition I am in might afford me of enlarging your half the anxiety they undergo in the pursuit or pos- fortunes; but know I contribute more to your sasession of them. While men are in this temper tisfaction, when I acknowledge I am the better man. (which happens very frequently) how inconsistent from the influence and authority you have over, are they with themselves! They are wearied with

the toil they bear, but cannot find in their hearts to relinquish it; retirement is what they want, but they cannot betake themselves to it. While they pant after shade and covert, they still affect to

'SIR,

• Your most obliged and
'most humble servant,

'R. O.'

appear in the most glittering scenes of life: but 'I AM entirely convinced of the truth of what you

sure this is but just as reasonable as if a man should call for more light when he has a mind to go to sleep.

were pleased to say to me, when I was last with you alone. You told me then of the silly way I was in; but you told me so, as I saw you loved Since then it is certain, that our own hearts de. me, otherwise I could not obey your commands in ceive us in the love of the world, and that we can- letting you know my thoughts so sincerely as I do not command ourselves enough to resign it, though at present. I know "the creature, for whom I we every day wish ourselves disengaged from its resign so much of my character," is all that you allurements; let us not stand upon a formal taking said of her; but then the trifler has something in of leave, but wean ourselves from them while we her so undesigning and harmless, that her guilt in are in the midst of them. one kind disappears by the comparison of her in

It is certainly the general intention of the greater nocence in another. Will you virtuous men allow part of mankind to accomplish this work, and live no alteration of offences? Must dear Chloe be according to their own approbation, as soon as they called by the hard name you pious people give to possibly can. But since the duration of life is so uncertain, and that has been a common topic of discourse ever since there was such a thing as life itself, how is it possible that we should defer a moment the beginning to live according to the rules of reason?

The man of business has ever some one point to carry, and then he tells himself he will bid adieu to all the vanity of ambition. The man of pleasure resolves to take his leave at least, and part civilly with his mistress; but the ambitious man is en tangled every moment in a fresh pursuit, and the lover sees new charms in the object he fancied he

common women? I keep the solemn promise I made you, in writing to you the state of my mind, after your kind admonition; and will endeavour to get the better of this fondness, which makes me so much her humble servant, that I am almost ashamed to subscribe myself yours,

'SIR,

'T. D.'

'THERE is no state of life so anxious as that of a man who does not live according to the dictates of his own reason. It will seem odd to you, when I assure you that my love of retirement first of all brought me to court; but this will be no riddle,

could abandon. It is therefore a fantastical way when I acquaint you that I placed myself If here of thinking, when we promise ourselves an altera- with a design of getting so much money as might tion in our conduct from change of place, and dif. enable me to purchase a handsome retreat in the ference of circumstances; the same passions will country. At present my circumstances enable me, attend us wherever we are, till they are conquer- and my duty prompts me, to pass away the remain ed; and we can never live to our satisfaction in ing part of my life in such a retirement as I at first the deepest retirement, unless we are capable of proposed to myself: but to my great misfortune I living so, in some measure, amidst the noise and have entirely lost the relish of it, and should now business of the world.

return to the country with greater reluctance than

I have ever thought men were better known by 1 at first came to court. I am so unhappy, as to what could be observed of them from a perusal of know that what I am fond of are trifles, and that their private letters, than any other way. My what I neglect is of the greatest importance: in friend the clergyman, the other day, upon serious short, I find a contest in my own mind between discourse with him concerning the danger of pro- reason and fashion. I remember you once told crastination, gave me the following letters from me, that I might live in the world, and out of it, at persons with whom he lives in great friendship and the same time. Let me beg of you to explain this ntimacy, according to the good breeding and good paradox more at large to me, that I may conform Anse of his character. The first is from a man of my life, if possible, both to my duty and my incli

13

No 28. MONDAY, APRIL 2, 1711.

--N.que semper arcum
Tendit Apollo.

HOR. 2 Od. x. 19.

Nordoes Apollo always bend his bow.

angel, or a tailor at the lion? A cook should not live at the boot, nor a shoemaker at the roasted pig; and yet, for want of this regulation, I have seen a goat set up before the door of a perfumer, and the French king's head at a sword-cutler's.

An ingenious foreigner observes, that several of those gentlemen who value themselves upon their families, and overlook such as are bred to trade, bear the toils of their forefathers in their coats of arms. I will not examine how true this is I SHALL here present my reader with a letter from in fact. But though it may not be necessary for a projector, concerning a new office which he posterity thus to set up the sign of their forefathers, thinks may very much contribute to the embellish- I think it highly proper for those who actually ment of the city, and to the driving barbarity out profess the trade, to show some such marks of it of our streets. I consider it as a satire upon projectors in general, and a lively picture of the whole art of modern criticism.

STR.

before their doors.

When the name gives an occasion for an inge. nious sign-post, I would likewise advise the owner to take that opportunity of letting the world know who he is. OBSLAVING that you have thoughts of creating ingenious Mrs. Salmon to have lived at the sign of It would have been ridiculous for the certain officers under you, for the inspection of several petty enormities which you yourself cannot her house the figure of the fish that is her namethe trout; for which reason she has erected before attend to and finding daily absurdities hung out sake. Mr. Bell has likewise distinguished himself upon the sign-posts of this city, to the great scan- by a device of the same nature: and here, sir, I dal of foreigners, as well as those of our own coun- must beg leave to observe to you, that this particutry, who are curious spectators of the same; I do far figure of a bell has given occasion to several humaly propose that you would be pleased to make pieces of wit in this kind. A man of your reading me your superintendent of all such figures and devices, as are or shall be made use of on this occa-plause by it in the time of Ben Jonson. Our apomust know, that Abel Drugger gained great ap. sion, with full powers to rectify or expunge what-cryphal heathen god is also represented by this ever I shall find irregular or defective. For want figure; which, in conjunction with the dragon, of such an officer, there is nothing like sound litera- makes a very handsome picture in several of our ture and good sense to be met with in those ob- streets. As for the bell-savage, which is the sign jects, that are every where thrusting themselves of a savage man standing by a bell, I was formerly out to the eye, and endeavouring to become visible.

Our streets are filled with blue boars, black swans, accidentally fell into the reading of an old rovery much puzzled upon the conceit of it, till I and red hons; not to mention flying pigs, and hogs mance, translated out of the French: which gives in armour, with many other creatures more ex- an account of a very beautiful woman who was traordinary than any in the deserts of Afric. found in a wilderness, and is called in the French Strange! that one who has all the birds and beasts La belle Sauvage, and is every where translated nature to choose out of, should live at the sign by our countrymen the bell-savage. This piece of fan Ens Rationis!

eit in it: and therefore I do not intend Seeing a

My first task therefore should be, like that of made sign-posts my study, and consequently quaphilosophy will, I hope, convince you that I have ilercules, to clear the city from monsters. In the lified myself for the employment that I solicit at second place I would forbid, that creatures of jar your hands. But before I conclude my letter, I ting and incongruous natures should be joined to- must communicate to you another remark, which gether in the same sign; such as the bell and the I have made upon the subject with which I am now Incat's tongue, the dog and the gridiron. The fox entertaining you, namely, that I can give a shrewd nd goose may be supposed to have met, but what has the fox and the seven stars to do together? that hangs before his door. A surly choleric felguess at the humour of the inhabitant by the sign And when did the lamb and dolphin ever meet, low generally makes choice of a bear; as men of "acept upon a sign-post? As for the cat and fiddle, milder dispositions frequently live at the lamb. there is a conceit in it: any thing I have here said should affect it. Charing-cross, and very curious punch-bowl painted upon a sign near must however observe to you' upon this subject, a couple of angels hovering over it, and squeezing curiously garnished, with at it is usual for a young tradesman, at his first Sing up, to add to his own sign that of the mas- master of the house, and found upon inquiry, as I a lemon into it, I had the curiosity to ask after the whom he served; as the husband after mar- had guessed by the little agremens upon his sign, gives a place to his mistress's arms in his that he was a Frenchman. I know, sir, it is not A coat. This I take to have given rise to many requisite for me to enlarge upon these hints to a those absurdities which are committed over our gentleman of your great abilities; so humbly reads; and, as I am informed, first occasioned commending my self to your favour and patronage, ve three nuns and a hare, which we see so freently joined together. I would therefore esta

sa certain rules, for the determining how far

'I remain, &c.'

tradesman may give the sign of another, and which came to me by the same penny post.

I shall add to the foregoing letter another

what cases he may be allowed to quarter it with

5 own. In

'From my own apartment near Charing-cros

'HONOURED SIR,

the third place, I make use of a sign which bears some affinity to would enjoin every shop ewares in which it deals. What can be more HAVING heard that this nation is a great en consistent, than to see a bawd at the sign of the frager of ingenuity, I have brought with me a.

*A humorous letter on the subject of sign-posts, &c. will be ad in the Gentleman's Magazine, vol. xl. 403.

dancer that was caught in one of the woo

!

longing to the Great Mogul. He is by birth af properly express a passion in one language will monkey; but swings upon a rope, takes a pipe of not do it in another. Every one who has been long tobacco, and drinks a glass of ale, like any reason- in Italy knows very well, that the cadences in the able creature. He gives great satisfaction to the recitativo, bear a remote affinity to the tone of quality; and if they will make a subscription for their voices in ordinary conversation, or, to speak him, I will send for a brother of his out of Hol- more properly, are only the accents of their lanland, that is a very good tumbler; and also for guage made more musical and tuneful. another of the same family whom I design for my Thus the notes of interrogation, or admiration, merry-andrew, as being an excellent mimic, and in the Italian music (if one may so call them) which the greatest droll in the country where he now is. resemble their accents in discourse on such occaI hope to have this entertainment in a readiness sions, are not unlike the ordinary tones of an Engfor the next winter; and doubt not but it will lish voice when we are angry; insomuch that I please more than the opera, or puppet-show. I have often seen our audiences extremely mistaken will not say that a monkey is a better man than as to what has been doing upon the stage, and exsome of the opera heroes; but certainly he is a pecting to see the hero knock down his messenger, better representative of a man, than the most arti- when he has been asking him a question; or fanficial composition of wood and wire. If you will cying that he quarrels with his friend, when he be pleased to give me a good word in your paper, only bids him good-morrow.

you shall be every night a spectator at my show for nothing.

'I am, &c.'

C.

N° 29. TUESDAY, APRIL 3, 1711.

-Sermo lingua concinnus utraque
Suavior: ut Chio nota si commista Falerni est.

HOR. 1 Sat. x. 23.

Both tongues united sweeter sounds produce,
Like Chian mix'd with the Falernian juice.

For this reason the Italian artists cannot agree with our English musicians in admiring Purcell's compositions, and thinking his tunes so wonderfully adapted to his words; because both nations do not always express the same passions by the same sounds.

I am therefore humbly of opinion, that an Eng. lish composer should not follow the Italian recitative too servilely, but make use of many gentle deviations from it, in compliance with his own native language. He may copy out of it all the lulling softness and dying falls' (as Shakspeare calls them) but should still remember that he ought to accommodate himself to an English audience;

THERE is nothing that has more startled our Eng- and by humouring the tone of our voices in ordilish audience, than the Italian Recitativo at its nary conversation, have the same regard to the first entrance upon the stage. People were won-accent of his own language, as those persons had derfully surprised to hear generalssinging the word to theirs whom he professes to imitate. It is obof command, and ladies delivering messages in served, that several of the singing birds of our own music. Our countrymen could not forbear laugh-country learn to sweeten their voices, and mellow ing when they heard a lover chanting out a billet- the harshness of their natural notes, by practising doux, and even the superscription of a letter set under those that come off from warmer climates. to a tune. The famous blunder in an old play of In the same manner I would allow the Italian • Enter a king and two fiddlers solus,' was now no opera to lend our English music as much as may longer an absurdity; when it was impossible for a grace and soften it, but never entirely to annihi hero in a desert, or a princess in her closet, to late and destroy it. Let the infusion be as strong speak any thing unaccompanied with musical in- as you please, but still let the subject-matter of it

struments.

be English.

But however this Italian method of acting in re- A composer should fit his music to the genius of citativo might appear at first hearing, I cannot the people, and consider that the delicacy of hearbut think it much more just than that which pre-ing, and taste of harmony, has been formed upon vailed in our English opera before this innovation: those sounds, which every country abounds with. the transition from an air to recitative music being In short, that music is of a relative nature, and more natural, than the passing from a song to what is harmony to one ear, may be dissonance to plain and ordinary speaking, which was the com- another.

mon method in Purcell's operas.

The only fault I find in our present practice, is the making use of the Italian recitativo with English words

The same observations which I have made upon the recitative part of music, may be applied to all our songs and airs in general. Signior Baptist Lully acted like a man of sense

To go to the bottom of this matter I must ob- in this particular. He found the French music serve, that the tone, or (as the French call it) the extremely defective, and very often barbarous. accent of every nation in their ordinary speech, is However, knowing the genius of the people, the altogether different from that of every other peo- humour of their language, and the prejudiced ears ple; as we may see even in the Welsh and Scotch, he had to deal with, he did not pretend to extirwho border so near upon us. By the tone or ac pate the French music, and plant the Italian in its cent I do not mean the pronunciation of each par-stead; but only to cultivate and civilize it with ticular word, but the sound of the whole sentence. innumerable graces and modulations which he bor Thus it is very common for an English gentleman rowed from the Italians. By this means the French when he hears a French tragedy, to complain that music is now perfect in its kind; and when you the actors all of them speak in a tone: and there-say it is not so good as the Italian, you only mean ore he very wisely prefers his own countrymen, that it does not please you so well; for there is 't considering that a foreigner complains of the scarce a Frenchman who would not wonder to ne tone in an English actor. hear you give the Italian such a preference. The jor this reason, the recitative music, in every music of the French is indeed very properly celage, should be as different as the tone or ac-adapted to their pronunciation and accent, as their f each language; for otherwise, what may whole opera wonderfully favours the genius of such

36

a gay, airy people. The chorus in which that of his own thoughts, 'She gave me opera abounds, gives the parterret frequent op glance, she never looked so well in portunities of joining in concert with the stage evening; or the like reflection, withou This inclination of the audience to sing along with any other member of the society; for in this a the actors, so prevails with them, that I have some-bly they do not meet to talk to each other, bur times known the performer on the stage do no every man claims the full liberty of talking to more in a celebrated song, than the clerk of a himself. Instead of snuff-boxes and canes, which parish church, who serves only to raise the psalm, are the usual helps to discourse with other young and is afterwards drowned in the music of the fellows, these have each some piece of ribbon, a congregation. Every actor that comes on the stage broken fan, or an old girdle, which they play with is a beau. The queens and heroines are so painted, while they talk of the fair person remembered by that they appear as ruddy and cherry-cheeked as each respective token According to the repremilk-maids. The shepherds are all embroidered, sentation of the matter from my letters, the comand acquit themselves in a ball better than our pany appear like so many players rehearsing beEnglish dancing-masters. I have seen a couple of hind the scenes; one is sighing and lamenting his rivers appear in red stockings; and Alpheus, in- destiny in beseeching terms, another declaring he stead of having his head covered with sedge and will break his chain, and another, in dumb-show, butrushes, making love in a full-bottomed peri- striving to express his passion by his gesture. It wig, and a plume of feathers; but with a voice is very ordinary in the assembly for one of a sudso full of shakes and quavers, that I should have den to rise and make a discourse concerning his thought the murmurs of a country brook the much passion in general, and describe the temper of his more agreeable music. mind in such a manner, as that the whole company I remember the last opera I saw in that merry shall join in the description, and feel the force of nation was the Rape of Proserpine, where Pluto, it. In this case, if any man has declared the vioto make the more tempting figure, puts himself in lence of his flame in more pathetic terms, he is a French equipage, and brings Ascalaphus along made president for that night, out of respect to his with him as his valet de chambre. This is what we superior passion. call folly and impertinence; but what the French We had some years ago in this town a set of look upon as gay and polite. people who met and dressed like lovers, and were I shall add no more to what I have here offered, distinguished by the name of the Fringeglove club; than that music, architecture, and painting, well but they were persons of such moderate intellects, 13 poetry and oratory, are to deduce their laws even before they were impaired by their passion, and rules from the general sense and taste of that their irregularities could not furnish sufficient mankind, and not from the principles of those arts variety of folly to afford daily new impertinences; themselves; or, in other words, the taste is not to by which means that institution dropped. These conform to the art, but the art to the taste. Music fellows could express their passion in nothing but is not designed to please only chromatic ears, but their dress; but the Oxonians are fantastical, now all that are capable of distinguishing harsh from they are lovers, in proportion to their learning and disagreeable notes. A man of an ordinary ear is understanding before they became such. The a judge whether a passion is expressed in proper thoughts of the ancient poets on this agreeable sounds, and whether the melody of those sounds phrensy, are translated in honour of some modern he more or less pleasing.

ADDISON.

as

NO 30. WEDNESDAY, APRIL 4, 1711.

Si. Mimnermus uti censet, sine amore jocisque

Nil est jucundum; vivas in amore jocisque.

C.

HOR, 1 Ep. vi. 65.

If nothing, as Mimnermus strives to prove,
Can e'er be pleasant without mirth and love,
Then live in mirth and love, thy sports pursue.

CREECH.

Oss common calamity makes men extremely affect

beauty; and Chloris is won to-day by the same compliment that was made to Lesbia a thousand years ago. But as far as I can learn, the patron of the club is the renowned Don Quixotte. The adventures of that gentle knight are frequently mentioned in the society, under the colour of laughing at the passion and themselves: but at the same time, though they are sensible of the extravagancies of that unhappy warrior, they do not observe, that to turn all the reading of the best and wisest writings into rhapsodies of love is a phrensy no less diverting than that of the aforesaid accomplished Spaniard. A gentleman who, I hope, will continue his correspondence, is lately

cach other, though they differ in every other par- admitted into the fraternity, and sent me the folticular. The passion of love is the most general lowing letter:

concern among men; and I am glad to hear by my

last advices from Oxford, that there are a set of 'SIR,

sighers in that university, who have erected them- SINCE I find you take notice of clubs, I beg leave selves into a society in honour of that tender pas-to give you an account of one in Oxford, which sion. These gentlemen are of that sort of inamo- you have no where mentioned, and perhaps never ratos, who are not so very much lost to common heard of. We distinguish ourselves by the title of sense, but that they understand the folly they are the Amorous club, are all votaries of Cupid, and guilty of; and for that reason separate themselves admirers of the fair sex. from all other company, because they will enjoy so little known in the world, is the secrecy which The reason that we are the pleasure of talking incoberently, without being we are obliged to live under in the universit ridiculous to any but each other. When a man Our constitution runs counter to that of the plac comes into the club, he is not obliged to make any wherein we live: for in love there are no docte, to his discourse, but at once, as he is and we all profess seating himself in his chair, speaks in the thread of no graduates in it. Our presidentship beso high a passion, that we aduit

introduction

See No. 13.

The parterre of the Freach, is the pit of the English the

stowed according to the dignity of passion, our
number is unlimited; and our statutese like
those of the Druids, recorded in our ow breasts